European Starlings and Their Effect on Native Cavity-Nesting Birds

نویسنده

  • WALTER D. KOENIG
چکیده

European Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) were introduced to New York City in 1890 and have since become one of North America’s most common species. Starlings are aggressive competitors and commonly usurp cavities of other hole-nesting species. These characters make it a clear choice for a species whose invasion is likely to have significantly affected native cavity-nesting birds. Using Christmas Bird Counts and Breeding Bird Surveys, I compared the mean densities of 27 native cavity-nesting species before and after invasion of sites by starlings. Contrary to expectations, only 10 of the species exhibited significant effects potentially attributable to starlings, and only half of these were in part negative. However, in 2 of the 5 species that showed negative effects, evidence for a decline in one analysis was countered by an increase in the other, whereas in 2 others declines were likely due to factors other than starling competition. Only sapsuckers ( Sphyrapicus spp.) exhibited declines potentially attributable to starlings that were not countered by other data. Although declines may still occur if starlings continue to increase, the results of this study fail to support the hypothesis that starlings have had a severe impact on populations of native birds. These results highlight the difficulties of predicting the impacts of invasive species. Native hole-nesting birds have thus far apparently held their own against the starling invasion, despite the latter’s abundance and aggressive usurpation of often limited cavities. Estorninos Europeos y su Efecto sobre Aves Nativas que Anidan en Cavidades Resumen: El estornino europeo ( Sturnus vulgaris ) fue introducido a la ciudad de Nueva York en 1890 y desde entonces es una de las especies más comunes de Norte América. Los estorninos son competidores agresivos y por lo general usurpan los lugares de anidación de otras especies que también anidan en cavidades y que probablemente hayan sido afectadas significativamente por esta invasión. Se utilizaron datos de los conteos de Navidad y de los Monitoreos de Aves Reproductevas, para comparar las densidades promedio de 27 especies que anidan en cavidades antes y después de la invasión del sitio por estorninos. Contrario a lo esperado, solo 10 de estas especies exhibieron efectos significativos potencialmente atribuibles a los estorninos, y solo la mitad de estos efectos fueron parcialmente negativos. Sin embargo, en dos de las cinco especies que mostraron efectos negativos, la evidencia de una declinación en un análisis fue contrarrestada por indicaciones de un incremento en otro, mientras que en las otras dos especies las declinaciones probablemente se debieron a otros factores además de la competencia por estorninos. Solo Sphryapicus spp. exhibió declinaciones potencialmente atribuibles a los estorninos que no fueron contrarrestadas por otros datos. Aunque todavía pueden ocurrir declinaciones si los estorninos continúan incrementando, los resultados de este estudio no apoyan la hipótesis de que los estorninos han tenido un impacto severo sobre las poblaciones de aves nativas. Estos resultados señalan las dificultades para predecir los impactos de especies invasivas. Por lo tanto, las aves nativas que anidan en cavidades aparentemente han resistido la invasión de estorninos a pesar de su abundancia y de la usurpación agresiva de cavidades a menudo limitadas. Paper submitted June 13, 2002; revised manuscript accepted November 27, 2002.

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تاریخ انتشار 2003